कैलाश सत्यार्थी
कैलाश सत्यार्थी (जन्म: 11 जनवरी 1954) एक भारतीय बाल अधिकार कार्यकर्ता और बाल-श्रम के विरुद्ध पक्षधर हैं। उन्होंने १९८० में बचपन बचाओ आन्दोलनकी स्थापना की जिसके बाद से वे विश्व भर के १४४ देशों के ८३,००० से अधिक बच्चों के अधिकारों की रक्षा के लिए कार्य कर चुके हैं। सत्यार्थी के कार्यों के कारण ही वर्ष १९९९ में अंतरराष्ट्रीय श्रम संघ द्वारा बाल श्रम की निकृष्टतम श्रेणियों पर संधि सं॰ १८२ को अंगीकृत किया गया, जो अब दुनियाभर की सरकारों के लिए इस क्षेत्र में एक प्रमुख मार्गनिर्देशक है।
उनके कार्यों को विभिन्न राष्ट्रीय और अंतरराष्ट्रीय सम्मानों व पुरुस्कारों द्वारा सम्मानित किया गया है। इन पुरुस्कारों में वर्ष २०१४ का नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कारभी शामिल है जो उन्हें पाकिस्तान की नारी शिक्षा कार्यकर्ता मलाला युसुफ़ज़ई के साथ सम्मिलित रूप से दिया प्रदान किया गया है।
कैलाश ने बाल श्रम को मानवाधिकार के मुद्दे के साथ ही दान और कल्याण के साथ जोड़ा। उन्होंने तर्क दिया कि यह गरीबी, बेरोजगारी, अशिक्षा, जनसंख्या वृद्धि और अन्य सामाजिक समस्याओं को बढ़ावा देती है। कैलाश की बात को बाद में कई अध्ययनों ने भी सही साबित किया।
उन्होंने बाल श्रम के खिलाफ अपने आंदोलन को 'सबके लिए शिक्षा' से भी जोड़ा और इसके लिए यूनेस्को द्वारा चलाए गए कार्यक्रम से भी जुड़े। ग्लोबल पार्टनरशिप फॉर एजुकेशन के बोर्ड में भी शामिल रहे।
उन्हें बाल श्रम के खिलाफ और बच्चों की शिक्षा के लिए देश और विदेश में बनाए गए कानूनों, संधियों और संविधान संशोधन कराने में अहम भूमिका निभाने का श्रेय दिया जाता है।
वह बच्चों के लिए काम करने वाली संस्था इंटरनैशनल सेंटर ऑन चाइल्ड लेबर ऐंड एजुकेशन (ICCLE) के ग्लोबल मार्च अगेंस्ट चाइल्ड लेबर और उसकी वैश्विक सलाहकार परिषद से भी जुड़े रहे हैं। इस संस्था में दुनिया के भर के एनजीओ, शिक्षक और ट्रेड यूनियने काम करती हैं, जो शिक्षा के लिए ग्लोबल कैंपेन भी चलाती हैं।
परिचय
भारत के मध्य प्रदेश के विदिशा में जन्मे कैलाश सत्यार्थी 'बचपन बचाओ आंदोलन' चलाते हैं। वे पेशे से वैद्युत इंजीनियर हैं किन्तु उन्होने 26 वर्ष की उम्र में ही करियर छोड़कर बच्चों के लिए काम करना शुरू कर दिया था। इस समय वे 'ग्लोबल मार्च अगेंस्ट चाइल्ड लेबर' (बाल श्रम के ख़िलाफ़ वैश्विक अभियान) के अध्यक्ष भी हैं।
वर्तमान समय (अक्टूबर २०१४) में सत्यार्थी नई दिल्ली में रहते हैं। उनके परिवार में उनकी पत्नी सुमेधा, पुत्र, पुत्रवधू तथा पुत्री हैं। सामाजिक कार्यों के अतिरिक्त वे एक अच्छे पाकशास्त्री (कुक) भी हैं।
पुरस्कार एवं सम्मान
- 2014: नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार
- 2009: डिफेण्डर्स ऑफ डेमोक्रैसी पुरस्कार (अमेरिका)
- 2008: अल्फांसो कोमिन अंतरराष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार (स्पेन)
- 2007: इटली के सिनेट का स्वर्ण पदक
- 2007: अमेरिका के स्टेट विभाग द्वारा 'आधुनिक दासता को समाप्त करने के लिये कार्यरत नायक' का सम्मान
- 2006: फ्रीडम पुरस्कार (US)
- 2002: वालेनबर्ग मेडल (मिशिगन विश्वविद्यालय द्वारा प्रदत्त)
- 1998: गोल्डेन फ्लैग पुरस्कार (नीदरलैण्ड्स)
- 1995: रॉबर्ट एफ केनेडी मानव अधिकार पुरस्कार (अमेरिका)
- 1995: ट्रम्पेटर पुरस्कार (अमेरिका)
- 1993: अशोक फेलो चुने गये। (अमेरिका)
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As an analytical thinker, he
made the issue of child labor a human rights issue, not a welfare matter or a
charitable cause. He has established that child labor is responsible for the
perpetuation of poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, population explosion and
many other social evils. He has also played an important role in linking
the fight against child labor with the efforts for achieving 'Education for
All'.
Mr. Satyarthi is a member of
a High Level Group formed by UNESCO on Education for All comprising of select
Presidents, Prime Ministers and UN Agency Heads. As one of the rare civil
society leaders he has addressed the United Nations General Assembly,
International Labour Conference, UN Human Rights Commission, UNESCO, etc and
has been invited to several Parliamentary Hearings and Committees in USA,
Germany and UK in the recent past.
As an advocate for quality
and meaning ful education, Mr. Kailash Satyarthi has addressed some of the
biggest worldwide congregations of Workers and Teachers Congresses, Christian
Assembly, Students Conferences, etc. as a keynote speaker on the issue of child
labour and education.
He is on the Board and
Committee of several International Organizations. Amongst all the prominent ones
being in the Center for Victims of Torture (USA), International Labor Rights
Fund (USA), etc. Mr. Satyarthi is an executive Board Member of International
Cocoa Foundation with the Headquarters in Geneva representing the global civil
society.
He has survived numerous
attacks on his life during his crusade to end child labour, the most recent
being the attack on him and his colleagues while rescuing child slaves from
garment sweatshops in Delhi on 17 March 2011. Earlier in 2004 while rescuing
children from the clutches of a local circus mafia and the owner of Great Roman
Circus, Mr. Satyarthi and his colleagues were brutally attacked. Despite of
these attacks and his office being ransacked by anti social elements a number
of times in the past his commitment to stand tall for the cause of child slaves
has been unwavering.
He has been honoured by the
Former US President Bill Clinton in Washington for featuring in Kerry Kennedy's
Book ‘Speak Truth to Power', where his life and work featured among the top 50
human rights defenders in the world including Nobel Laureates Archbishop
Desmond Tutu, Elie Wessel, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, etc.
He has edited magazines like
‘Sangarsh Jari Rahega', ‘Kranti Dharmi', and ‘ Asian Workers Solidarity Link'.
Besides, authored several articles and booklets on issues of social concern and
human rights.
He has set up three
rehabilitation-cum-educational centres for freed bonded children that resulted
in the transformation of victims of child servitude into leaders and
liberators.
His life and work has been
explicitly covered in hundreds of programmes on all the prominent television
and radio channels including Wall Street Journal, BBC, CNN, ABC, NHK, Japan
Broadcasting Corporation, Canadian T.V., ARD, Austrian News, Lok Sabha TV etc.
and profoundly featured in several magazines like The Time, Life, Reader's
Digest, Far Eastern Economist, Washington Post, New York Times, Times London,
Los Angeles Times, Guardian, Independent, The Times of India, etc.
"The Global March
Against Child Labour is a movement to mobilise worldwide efforts to protect and
promote the rights of all children, especially the right to receive a free,
meaningful education and to be free from economic exploitation and from
performing any work that is likely to be harmful to the child's physical,
mental, spiritual, moral or social development."
Global March Against Child
Labour is a movement born out of hope and the need felt by thousands of people
across the globe - the desire to set children free from servitude.
The Global March movement
originated under the aegis of Mr. Kailash Satyarthi with a worldwide march when
thousands of people marched together to jointly put forth the message against
child labour. The march, which started on January 17, 1998, touched every corner
of the globe, built immense awareness and led to high level of participation
from the masses. This march finally culminated at the ILO Conference in Geneva.
The voice of the marchers was heard and reflected in the draft of the ILO
Convention against the worst forms of child labour. The following year, the
Convention was unanimously adopted at the ILO Conference in Geneva. Today, with
172 countries having ratified the convention so far, it has become the fastest
ratified convention in the history of ILO. A large role in this was played by
the Global March through our member partners.
With ILO conventions 138 and
182 as well as the UN Convention on Rights of the Child forming the base of our
movement, the Global March also perceives education, and the Right to free and
compulsory education of good quality for all children, as non negotiable.
Therefore the Global March also considers the EFA goals under the Dakar
Framework an equally important international instrument and pushes for
governments to achieve the goal of education for all.
Working on numbers is one
thing, and direct efforts to end child labour have always been a part of the
Global March partner programmes. The Global March seeks to eliminate child
labour by questioning, attacking and changing the very systems that compel
children to work at the global, regional and national levels. What is key
therefore, in the fight to end child labour, is the need to advocate for policy
changes. The Global March works on a three pronged strategy, or what we call a
triangular paradigm. The three key processes affecting the future of the world,
in particular our children, are the elimination of child labour, Education For
All and poverty alleviation. Bringing together policy and action for a unified
response to child labour, illiteracy and poverty is a priority for the Global
March.
The dedicated partners of
the Global March movement form an effective network around the world. Acting as
vigilant observers and lobbying with governments in their region, they form the
backbone of the movement. The Global March International Secretariat is located
in New Delhi, India.
Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA)
founded by Mr. Kailash Satyarthi is the ray of hope in millions of hearts, the
first dream in their eyes, and the first smile on their faces. It is the sky
and wings together for innumerable children, excluded from human identity and
dignity, with a desire to fly in freedom. It is the tears of joy of a mother
who finds her rescued child back in her lap after years of helplessness and
hopelessness. It is a battle to open the doors of opportunities, a fire for
freedom and education in the hearts and souls of thousands of youth committed
to wipe out the scourge of slavery and ignorance from the face of mankind.
Rugmark (brainchild of Mr.
Kailash Satyarthi) (now known as Goodweave) is an international consortium of
independent bodies from a dozen carpet exporting and importing countries, which
take part in a voluntary social labeling initiative to ensure that rugs have
not been produced with child labor. This initiative gives positive alternatives
to responsible businesses, protecting them from any possible boycott and
sanctions and gives an ethical choice to consumers worldwide. He is pursuing
the industries and other stakeholders to adopt a similar system for knitwear,
sporting goods and the other international common products.
The GoodWeave label is the
best assurance that no child labor was used in the making of your rug. In order
to earn the GoodWeave label, rug exporters and importers must be licensed under
the GoodWeave certification program and sign a legally binding contract to:
Adhere to the no-child-labor
standard and not employ any person under age 14 2.Allow unannounced random
inspections by local inspectors 3.Endeavor to pay fair wages to adult workers
4.Pay a licensing fee that helps support GoodWeave’s monitoring, inspections
and education programs To ensure compliance, independent GoodWeave inspectors
make unannounced inspections of each loom. If inspectors find children working,
they offer them the opportunity to go to school instead, and the producers lose
their status with GoodWeave. To protect against counterfeit labeling, each
label is numbered so its origin can be traced to the loom on which the rug was
produced.
GoodWeave also sets
contractual standards for companies that import certified rugs. Importers agree
to source only from GoodWeave certified exporters in India, Nepal and any other
country in which GoodWeave rugs are available. In the United States and other
rug-importing countries, only licensed importers are legally permitted to sell
carpets carrying the GoodWeave label.
Importers and exporters also
help support GoodWeave and its commitment to provide rehabilitation and
schooling for all rescued children. Exporters pay 0.25 percent of the export
value of each rug, and importers pay a licensing fee of 1.75 percent of the
shipment value. Licensing fees go toward monitoring, inspections and
educational programs that are part of the GoodWeave program.
GoodWeave's certification
standards are set by GoodWeave International, an associate member of the
International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labeling Alliance
(ISEAL), which leads the world in setting norms and good practices for
certification. GoodWeave's national offices in producer countries implement and
enforce the standards.
Soon, the GoodWeave label
will mean even more. In order to further the mission to end child labor by
addressing the root causes of the problem, GoodWeave's certification standard
will include other environmental and social criteria, guided by ISEAL’s Codes
of Good Practice. Licensees will be required to demonstrate that their
employees are working under safe conditions for a reasonable wage, among other
requirements. GoodWeave certified rugs will become greener, as licensees work
to identify negative impacts of production as well as ways to mitigate them.
Each producer will work with GoodWeave to develop a plan for improving working
conditions and environmental impacts over time.
The International Center on
Child Labor and Education (ICCLE) is a 501 (c) 3 nonprofit organization
dedicated to mobilizing worldwide efforts to advance the rights of all
children, especially to receive a free and meaningful education and to be free
from economic exploitation and any work that is hazardous, interferes with a
child's education, or is harmful to a child's health or physical, mental,
spiritual, moral or social development. The Center serves as the international
advocacy office of the Global March Against Child Labor, a movement
representing some 2,000 organizations in 140 countries intended to highlight
child slavery and hazardous child labor. The Center also serves as a
clearinghouse – for the dissemination and sharing of information and knowledge
on global child labor issues. ICCLE has built up a great deal of goodwill and
respect by being a key player in the establishment of the Global Task Force on
Child Labor and Education with UNESCO, the World Bank, ILO, UNICEF, and the
Global March. Mr. Kailash Satyarthi is the founder of ICCLE and is on the
Board.
ACCOLADES
The life and work of Kailash
Satyarthi have been the subject of a number of documentaries, television
series, talk shows, advocacy and awareness films, Magazines and news items of
all leading print and electronic media worldwide. Satyarthi's contribution has
been recognized through several prestigious international awards. These
include:
- Nobel Peace Prize 2014
- Defenders of Democracy
Award (2009-USA)
- Alfonso Comin
International Award (2008-Spain)
- Medal of the Italian
Senate (2007-Italy)
- Heroes Acting to End
Modern Day Slavey by US State Department (2007-USA)
- Freedom Award (2006-USA)
- In October 2002,
Satyarthi was awarded the Wallenberg Medal from the University
of Michigan in recognition of his courageous humanitarian work against the
exploitation of child labor.
- Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
Award (1999-Germany)
- La Hospitalet Award (1999-Spain)
- De Gouden Wimpel Award (1998-Netherlands)
- Robert F. Kennedy Human
Rights Award (1995-USA)
- The Trumpeter Award (1995-USA)
- The Aachener
International Peace Award (1994-Germany)
Satyarthi lives in New
Delhi, India. His family includes children, his wife, a son, daughter-in-law, a
daughter, colleagues and friends.
Here are 10 things that you must know about Kailash Satyarthi
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- Born on January 11, 1954, in Vidisha, located near Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Kailash Satyarthi, showing great personal courage and maintaining Gandhi's tradition, has headed various forms of protests and demonstrations, all peaceful, focusing on the grave exploitation of children for financial gain.
- For his work, Satyarthi has endured death threats and attempts at incarceration, and two of his colleagues were even murdered on the job. But he continues with his campaign because, he says, "somebody has to accept the challenge whatever dangers are there.”
- He gave up his career as an electrical engineer more than 30 years ago to start `Bachpan Bachao Andolan`.
- The organisation (Bachpan Bachao Andolan) launched a historic Nathdwara temple entry march in 1988 where Dalits (untouchables non-Hindus) were strictly prohibited for 400 years. Kailash Satyarthi and 5 Dalit bonded labourers were brutally beaten up by orthodox priest.
- As a student, Satyarthi used to study under the lamp post on a met at night as there was no power supply in his hometown Vidisha.
- He is the first India-born person to have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the seventh Indian Nobel laureate. Mother Teresa, who was born in Albania, was the first Indian Nobel peace prize winner. She was honoured in 1979.
- Several prestigious awards have been conferred on him, including Defenders of Democracy Award (2009-US), Medal of the Italian Senate (2007-Italy), Robert F Kennedy International Human Rights Award (USA) and Fredric Ebert International Human Rights Award (Germany) etc.
- He created the Global March Against Child Labour, a movement that is active in many countries.
- He is also credited with establishing Rugmark, now known as Good Weave, in 1994. It is a kind of social certification for child labour free carpets in South Asia.
- Satyarthi has contributed to the development of important international conventions on children’s rights.
List of Indian Nobel Prize Winners
Indian citizen laureates
The following are Nobel laureates who were Indian citizens at the time they were awarded the prize.
| Year | Laureates | Subject | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1913 | Rabindranath Tagore | Literature | First non-European laureate. As a British Indian subject, knighted in 1913 (renounced in 1919 in protest over the Jalianwala Bagh Massacre). | |
| 1930 | C. V. Raman | Physics | Knighted (as a British Indian subject) in 1929. | |
| 1979 | Mother Teresa | Peace | An ethnic Kosovar Albanian from the region of Yugoslavia now in the Republic of Macedonia; became a naturalised Indian citizen in 1948. | |
| 1998 | Amartya Sen | Economics | ||
| 2014 | Kailash Satyarthi | Peace | face of the Indian movement Bachpan Bachao Andolan against child labour since the 1990s |
Rabindranath Tagore
- Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic , expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"
Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 - 7 August 1941) was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region's literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his seemingly mesmeric personality, flowing hair, and otherworldly dress earned him a prophet-like reputation in the West. His "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal.He wrote the Indian national anthem "Jana Gana Mana" and composed the anthem music as well and later another work of his "Amar Sonar Bangla" was adopted as the national anthem of Bangladesh. This makes Rabindranath Tagore the only Poet to have composed the National Anthems of two nations. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literatuorities as long-lost classics. He graduated to his first short stories and dramas—and the aegis of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University. Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European and first Asian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. He did so as an Indian subject of the British Empire.
C. V. Raman
- Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for the effect named after him." from Kolkata
Sir C.V.Raman (7 November 1888 - 21 November 1970) was born at Thiruvanaikaval, near Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1930. He had been knighted the year before and worked extensively on acoustics and light. He was also deeply interested in the physiology of the human eye. A traditionally-dressed man, he headed an institute that is today named after him: the Raman Research Institute,
Mother Teresa
- Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1979 in recognition of her "work in bringing help to suffering humanity."
Mother Teresa (born Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxiu; lived 26 August 1910 - 5 September 1997) was born in Skopje, then a city in Ottoman Empire.She was a Roman Catholic nun of Albanian origin and Indian citizenship. She founded the international order of "The Missionaries of Charity", whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after. For years in the slums of Kolkata (Calcutta), her work centred on caring for the poor and suffering, among whom she herself died.
Nationals of Independent India have received one Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel, namely,
Amartya Sen
- Awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1998 "for his contributions to welfare economics."
Amartya Sen (born 3 November 1933, Kolkata) was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, awarded to him in 1998 for his work on welfare economics. He has made several key contributions to research in this field, such as to the axiomatic theory of social choice; the definitions of welfare and poverty indexes; and the empirical studies of famine. All are linked by his interest indistributional issues and particularly in those most impoverished. Whereas Kenneth Arrow's "impossibility theorem" suggested that it was not possible to aggregate individual choices into a satisfactory choice for society as a whole, Sen showed that societies could find ways to alleviate such a poor outcome.
Kailash Satyarthi
- Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 2014 jointly with Malala Yousafzai of Pakistan “for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.”
Kailash Satyarthi (born 11 January 1954) is an Indian children's rights activist and a Nobel Peace Prize winner. He has been active in the Indian movement against child labour since the 1990s. His organization, Bachpan Bachao Andolan, has freed over 80,000 children from various forms of servitude and helped in successful re-integration, rehabilitation and education. He has completed his engineering from Samrat Ashok Technological Institute (SATI), Vidisha (M.P.) in 1974.
Mahatma Gandhi
The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize in 1937–39, 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948. Later members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee expressed regret that he was not given the prize. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize. Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question". In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. It is generally considered today that this refers to Gandhi, and that he would have received the prize had he lived.
Laureates of Indian birth and origin who were erstwhile Indian citizens
The following are Nobel laureates of Indian birth and origin who subsequently took foreign citizenship; however, they are still often included in lists of Indian Nobel laureates
| Year | Laureates | Subject | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 | Har Gobind Khorana | Medicine | Acquired U.S. citizenship in 1966. |
| 1983 | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar | Physics | Acquired U.S citizenship in 1953. Nephew of C.V. Raman, the recipient of the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics. |
| 2009 | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | Chemistry | Dual British and U.S citizen. |
Hargobind Khorana
- Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 for his '"interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"'
Hargobind khorana (1922–2011), a person of Indian origin, shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg. He had left India in 1945 and became a naturalised United States citizen in the 1966. He continued to head a laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States, until his death in 2011.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Chandrasekhar was born in Lahore, Punjab, British India in a Tamil family. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate C. V. Raman. A British Indian subject from his birth until 1947, he remained an Indian citizen until he became a naturalised U.S. citizen in 1953.
- Chandrasekhar shared the Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars." Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 with William Alfred Fowler. Born: 9 August 1911, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Died: 21 August 1995, Chicago, IL, USA Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
He determined that star cluster dynamics were similar in nature to the Brownian motion of particles suspended in liquids. From this research he estimated the time it would take for the clusters to have attained the present state of motion. After many years of work, he published a definitive work, The principles of Stellar Dynamics ( 1942). This pattern of working on a particular subject until_publishing a definitive work and moving on to another subject became the hallmark of Chandrashekhar's career. In his famous presentation to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1933, he had stopped short of talking about a complete gravitational collapse of high mass stars, but a such a possibility had already occurred to him. To understand this possibility he concentrated his studies on the general theory of relativity and relativistic astrophysics. This work lead to his monumental publication of The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes in 1983.
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
Citation: "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, born in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry as a US Citizen.
Laureates with Indian connections
The following are Nobel laureates with Indian connections - those of Indian birth or descent or those who were resident in India when they were awarded the prize.
| Year | Laureates | Subject | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1902 | Ronald Ross | Medicine | Indian-born; British citizen |
| 1907 | Rudyard Kipling | Literature | Indian-born; British citizen |
| 1989 | 14th Dalai Lama | Peace | Tibetan religious leader; in exile in India since 1959. |
| 2001 | V. S. Naipaul | Literature | Trinidadian-born person of Indian origin; British citizen |
Ronald Ross
Ronald Ross, born in Almora, Uttarakhand, India, in 1857, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on malaria. He received many honours in addition to the Nobel Prize, and was given Honorary Membership of learned societies of most countries of Europe, and of many other continents. He got an honorary M.D. degree in Stockholm in 1910 at the centenary celebration of the Caroline Institute. Whilst his vivacity and single-minded search for truth caused friction with some people, he enjoyed a vast circle of friends in Europe, Asia and America who respected him for his personality as well as for his genius.
Rudyard Kipling
- Citation: "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"
Rudyard Kipling, born in Mumbai, 1865 (then Bombay in British India), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907. He remains the youngest ever recipient of the Literature Nobel Prize and the first English-language writer to receive the Prize. His literary career began with Departmental Ditties (1886), but subsequently he became chiefly known as a writer of short stories. A prolific writer, he achieved fame quickly. Kipling was the poet of the British Empire and its yeoman, the common soldier, whom he glorified in many of his works, in particular Plain Tales from the Hills (1888) and Soldiers Three (1888), collections of short stories with roughly and affectionately drawn soldier portraits. His Barrack Room Ballads (1892) were written for, as much as about, the common soldier. In 1894 appeared his Jungle Book, which became a children's classic all over the world. Kim (1901), the story of Kimball O'Hara and his adventures in the Himalayas, is perhaps his most felicitous work. Other works include the Second Jungle Book (1895), The Seven Seas (1896), Captains Courageous (1897), The Day's Work (1898), Stalky and Co. (1899), Just So Stories (1902), Trafficks and Discoveries (1904), Puck of Pook's Hill (1906), Actions and Reactions (1909), Debits and Credits (1926), Thy Servant a Dog (1930), and Limits and Renewals (1932), Better Be Better than Worst (1933). During the First World War Kipling wrote some propaganda books. His collected poems appeared in 1933.
Professor Prem raj Pushpakaran writes -- 2022 marks the birth centenary year of Robert W. Holley!!!
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Social reformers in India play a crucial role in shaping societal norms and advocating for change. Kailash Satyarthi, known for his work in child welfare and education, stands as a prominent example of dedication to social justice and humanitarian causes.
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